I. Introduction

Language is tool of communication therefore language cannot be separated from human life. So far we have considered language from a structural perspective, with relatively little concern for meaning. Palme (1983, p. 1) states that is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language is apart of linguistics. In order to be able to talk meaning fully about anything, it is necessary to agree on meanings of the words involved. In everyday life, people reach practical agreements of almost all the words they use, and effective and succesful communication takes places as a result.

In semantic, there are two kind of meanings, speaker meaning and sentence meaning. The kind of meaning which is related with words and sentences by the language system is called as sense (Soekemi, 2000, p. 44). Then, Soekemi told in his lecture on Tuesday, December 11, 2012, sense properties is sentences.

Sense is important part in either in speaking or in writing because sense determines the meaning of the words or sentences depend on the context. The sense of expression is it indispensable hard core of meaning. So, sense is kind of meaning (Hurford, Heasley, & Smith, 1983)

There are two kind of sense in semantic, namely sense properties and sense relations. As Soekemi (2000, p. 44) states that the sense of an expressions. Sense properties and sense relations with other expression. Sense properties and sense relation cannot be separated each other, sense properties has an important role to identify the words used, and sense relation for the word contained. To know that the sentence is true or false is determined by sense properties. While, sense relation is to indicate the relation of sense of reference in utterance. However, this paper will be focused on sense properties to identify the truth conditional semantics, the core meaning of any sentence or any statement in truth condition.

This paper is started from the definition and illustration of sense properties and three important things of sense properties.

II. Sense Properties

Sense properties can be defined as sense or kinds of meaning in languages which contain some agreement in meaning of language in used. There are three important sense properties of sentences, namely an analytic, synthetic and contradictory. Hurford et. al. (1983, p. 94) state “the nation of analytic, synthetic, and contradictory are defines in terms of truth.” In case is thruth conditional of utterance.

II.1. Analytic Sentence

An analytic sentence is one that is necessarity true, as a result of the sense of the words in it (Soekemi 2000:44). While, Hurford and Heaslay (1983:93) say that, “analytic sentences can be formed from contradiction, and vise versa, by the insertion or removal, as appropriate of the negative particle word not“. Analytic sentence is not informative to anyone who already the meaning.

Example :

Lions are animals. (Kusu, 2012)

The truth of this sentence follows from the senses of lions and animals are necessarily true. None will hesitate that lions are animals. It is because lions are lived things which can move from one spot to another spot and produce roar and growl sound. Then it is deliberately clear that lions are animals.

2. All human beings are mortal. (Soekemi, 2000, p. 44)

The truth of this sentence follows from the sense of human beings and mortal. Anyone already knows if human beings are mortal.

II.2. Synthetic Sentence

Hurford,et al. (1983, p. 92) state “a synthetic sentence is one which is not analytic, but maybe either true or false, depending on the way the word is”. In this case, synthetic sentences can be sometimes true, sometimes false. It is depending on the circumstances in the real world. So, the people who read the sentence should know the fact before decide the sentence is true or false.

Example :

1. Sekarang hari Rabu. (Soekemi, 2000, p. 44)

If someone says this sentence on Wednesday, this sentence is true. But if someone says this sentence not on Wednesday, this sentence is false. Due to the sense of the words, this sentence either can be true or false.

2. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is the president of Indonesia.

The former sentence which states Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) is the president of Indonesia is true sentence for a certain people. Only some know that SBY is having authority to govern Indonesia. How about Englishmen or Polish people who do not have an interest about Indonesia. Of course they do not the president of Indonesia. Another real case in Bali can prove the statement that SBY is the president of Indonesia becomes synthetic sentence.

II.3. Contradiction Sentence

A contradiction sentences is sentence that is necessary false as a result of the senses of the words in it (Soekemi, 2000, p. 45). Thus a contradiction is in a way the opposite of an analytic sentence. Analytic sentence can be formed from a contradiction and vise versa, by the insertion or removal, as appropriate of the negative particle word not.

Example :

The boy is female. (Kusu, 2012)

The statement “The boy is female” is contradict with factual data. Many argue and agree that boys are defined as male child. People will argue and agree that the sex of all boys is males. None will show their hesitation about it. Everyone in every side of the world realizes about it. Not only the literate people but also those who are not will automatically know the truth and say that the statement is wrong.

2. This Vegetable is an animal.

Vegetable is not animal. Vegetable is plant. So, this sentence must be false, due to the sense of the words in it.

The notions of analytic, synthetic, and contradiction sentence are depend on terms of truth. Imperative and interrogative sentence cannot the true or false, and so they cannot be analytic or synthetic. Synthetic sentence are potentially informative in real-world situation, where as analytic sentence and contradiction sentence are not informative to anyone who already knows the meaning of the words them.

To apply the understanding of the differences among analytic, synthetic, and contradiction, the example will be noted to each individual sentence.

Example :

1. Tulips are flowers

This sentence has the sene property of analytic because the tulip refers to the name of flower, in this sentence tulip are kind of flower in reality.

2. That tulip is pink.

This sentence has the sense property of syntheticity because tulip is not always has some colour, it can be red, white, and other colour.

3. Tulips are human

It has the sense property of being of a contradiction. Tulip and human are contradictory in reality, because tulip is cannot be classified into human but flower.

III Analysis and Discussion

III. 1 Analysis

By analyzing the data which are taken from BBC News, is expected more understand about sense properties in semantic. There are eight sentences which will analyze using sense properties. There are the sentences :

1. He is among the hundreds of boys who collect coins thrown into the river by visitors,

This sentence includes of synthetic sentence. There is nothing in the sense of this sentence or what a person is makes this necessarily true or false. In this case, the synthetic sentence can be something true or false, depending on the fact of the real-world, is it true the hundreds of boys who collect coins? It depends on the fact.

2. Armed with heavy magnetic rings tied with colourful plastic ropes,

This sentence contains of sense properties constitute analytic sentence. The true of this sentence follow from the sense of colourful plastic ropes is necessarily true. Actually, plastic ropes have many colours like rainbow. So, it is true to say or write colourful plastic ropes.

3. “I fish out around 100 rupees….” Said Rohit.

This sentence has contradiction in sense between I and fish. I here is Rohit. Rohis is a boy and of course, he is human being. But fish is animal. So, this sentence must be false. Because human is not animal.

4. His father, Shatrughan Singh, is a day labourer,

This sentence is synthetic sentence. The reader should know the fact that his father is a day labourer or not. After know the fact, the reader can decide this sentence is true or false.

5. Rohit first started going to the river bank two years ago

This sentence contains sense properties include synthetic sentence. There is nothing in the sense of Rohit first started going to the river bank two years ago is which makes this necessarily true or false. It is depending on the fact, is it true or false if Rohit started going to the river bank two year ago?

6. He borrowed 100 rupees

This is synthetic sentence. The former sentence which state he borrowed 100 rupees is true sentence for certain people. Only some know that he borrowed 100 rupees. How about the other people, out of his family or out of his environment?

7. the hawk-eyed little boys throw their magnets in the same direction

This sentence includes of contradiction sentence. This is no sense between hawk-eyed and little boys. Hawk-eyed is eagle eyed. Eagle is one of kind animals. But little boys are human. In the real-world, animal is not human being.

8. See how they have used local technology to fish out coins from water

This sentence is part of contradiction sentence. They use technology to fish out. Technology is human creature but fish is God creature. So, there is no sense between technology and fish. This sentence is false.

III.2. Discussion

After analyzing the article, the summary can be concluded that a sentence always contains sense including sense properties (analytic, synthetic, and contradiction sentence) which have an important role to identify the word used whether it is true or false. The word used can be noun or adjective. To analyze the word true or false, the reader can see in the real world. If in the word happens in the real world, so this word is true and vice versa. So, to decide true or false, the reader should know the fact.

IV. Conclusion

Sense is a kind of meaning which is used in language system. There are two kinds of sense in semnatics, namely sense properties and sense relations. Sense properties determine that the sentence is true or false. Sense properties have three important of sentences, an analytic sentence, a synthetic sentence, and a contradiction sentence.

Sense properties are often found in the sentence either speaking or writing. By identifying sense in a sentence, people can detect the sentence more clearly to get the understanding.

19 December 2012 Last updated at 01:37 GMT

Sonepur fair: Poor Indian boys 'fish'

for coins to help family

By Amarnath TewarySonepur, Bihar

Rohit Kumar, 10, holding up his magnet rings tied to a yellow plastic rope

For a month Rohit Kumar misses school so he can sit on the river bank and fish out coins

Every day since 28 November, 10-year-old Rohit Kumar has sat from dawn to dusk on the banks of the Gandak river in the eastern Indian state of Bihar with a magnetic fishing line trying to fish out coins from the water.

He is among the hundreds of boys who collect coins thrown into the river by visitors and devotees during the annual month-long Sonepur fair, which is said to be Asia's biggest cattle fair.

Armed with heavy magnetic rings tied with colourful plastic ropes, Rohit is at work every day from 5am to 5pm. For a month, he is missing school.

"I fish out around 100 rupees ($1.83; £1.14) to 110 rupees every day and my mother is happy with my efforts," says Rohit.

His father, Shatrughan Singh, is a day labourer who earns a similar amount on the days he can find work.

Rohit hands over the money he collects to his parents and it goes a long way in helping feed their family of six.

Rohit first started going to the river bank two years ago after he saw other village boys going every morning with their fishing lines.

"I was curious, so one day I went along with them and learned the tricks of the trade," he said.

He borrowed 10 rupees ($0.18; £0.11) from his mother, promising to return double the money in the evening.

Devotion and reverence

At the beginning of the cattle fair, hundreds of thousands of Hindu devotees bathe at the confluence of the Gandak and Ganges rivers in Sonepur, in Saran district, 35km (21 miles) north of the state capital, Patna.

The devout also throw coins in the river as a mark of their devotion and reverence.

Young boys collecting coins in the river with magnets attached to colourful ropes

The gruelling poverty of the region is the main reason why young boys turn into coin collectors

As soon as a coin is thrown into the water, the hawk-eyed little boys throw their magnets in the same direction, much like the fishermen throwing their nets into the sea.

"I generally collect coins worth 150 rupees ($2.7; £1.7) a day and most of the time my family buys food with this money," said Rakesh Kumar, another coin collector.

Rakesh's father, Suresh Rai, runs a tea stall at the fair ground and has a large family of nine members.

Rakesh and his sibling Bittu Kumar come to the river bank every morning at the crack of dawn and leave only after at 5pm.

"My rope has just a single magnet which is not very effective. I'll buy a bigger one soon so that I can collect more coins," Rakesh said.

Gruelling poverty

His friend Krishna Kumar, who also collects coins worth 100-150 rupees a day, says their work is not easy.

Rohit Kumar, 10, casts his magnets to try and get some coins from the river

Rohit's father is a day labourer who has to work hard to feed his family of six

"I spend almost 10 hours a day on the river bank, with my eyes fixed on the coins thrown into the water. Sometimes I get them, sometime I lose to other friends," he said as he displayed a coin he had just fished out of water.

Krishna says he keeps a part of the money he makes "to buy some sweets at the fair".

"When the fair begins, one can see hundreds of young coin collectors here. See how they have used local technology to fish out coins from water," Radheshyam Panda, who performs religious rituals on the river bank, said.

"These young coin collectors may use different magnet sizes or different colours of plastic ropes but one thing which they have in common is their gruelling poverty," said Mahendra Babu who sells ingredients for religious ceremonies on the river bank.